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The city of Bath is one of England’s tourist gems and has been welcoming visitors for over two millennia.
This historic city has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site and presents some of the finest architectural sights in Europe, most notably the famous Roman Baths.
The Baths are not alone in being one of many great tourist attractions to be housed all within the boundaries of one city – take for example the ancient thermal springs, which are now numbered as one of the UK top five tourist attractions.The entire city has been designated a World Heritage Site and features the world-famous baths and temple.
Dating from the first to the fourth century, they remain in remarkable condition and, complete with their 2,000-year-old plumbing, the hot water spring still flows through the remains. You can even drink the natural water although it’s not the tastiest of tipples. Served up in the Pump Room, it’s also warm as it’s taken direct from a fountain that bubbles up in the building.
Treat yourself to a bun at Sally Lunn's, Britain's oldest house dated 1482. These buns are still baked to the original secret recipe which is passed down with deeds of the house (recipe being rediscovered in 1930s in secret cupboard above fireplace)!
Bath has about 80,000 people. The maximum distance between two points in the city centre is less than a mile (c 1.5km). The maximum distance between any two points in the suburbs is about 5 miles (8km).
Bath, which was aptly named by the Romans for its unique natural baths, is a popular spa resort in West England. Its famous hot springs have attracted kings and queens, the most notably of which was Elizabeth I. Tucked away on the banks of the River Avon, it remains one of England’s biggest tourist draws. The compact city is also known for its terrific shopping and distinctive Georgian architecture, with most of the buildings built... The Royal Crescent Bath Museum is a must, as is the Royal Costume Museum and the old Abbey located in the city’s center. Nearby excursions include the picturesque countryside of the Cotswolds and Claverton, as well as the charming town of Frome.
Twinned with City of Bath Maine USA.
Fact 1: It was in 1702 that Queen Anne made the trip from London to the mineral springs of Bath.
It was this trek that launched the fad that would make the city the most illustrious spa in all of England.
Fact 2: One of Europe’s most prestigious international festivals of music and the arts, the Bath International Music Festival is held each year in late May and early June. The city is filled with more than 1000 performers for more than 17 days.
Fact 3: The Baths were founded in 75 AD by the Romans and were dedicated to the goddess Sulis Minerva. Today, they’re among the finest Roman remains in the country and are still fed by Britain’s most famous hot spring water.
Fact 4: The American Museum is nearby and occupies the early nineteenth century Claverton Manor, which is where Winston Churchill made his maiden political speech in 1897. This was the first American museum established outside the United States and gives an idea as to what life was like prior to the mid-1800’s in America. The exhibit includes an early American beehive oven and a copy of Washington’s flower garden at Mount Vernon. You can even taste some gingerbread baked from Washington’s mother’s recipe.
Fact 5: Visitors have been eating at Sally Lunn’s house for more than 1700 years. Try the delicious Fantastic Sally Lunn Cream Tea. It includes toasted and buttered scones, served with strawberry jam and clotted cream, coffee, or tea.
Fact 6: Bath ranks as one of Britain’s top ten tourist cities. Perhaps its popularity is due in part to the Baths. They are, after all, the busiest fee-charging historic site outside of London.
Fact 7: Perhaps the most famous name connected with Bath is Richard “Beau” Nash. This eighteenth century ex-Army officer, ex-lawyer, dandy, and gambler became the Master of Ceremonies in 1704. He conducted public balls, designated the social manners of the city, and even managed to work his clout into road improvements and the design of buildings. He banned smoking in Bath’s public rooms when pipe smoking by men, women, and children was perfectly acceptable. He lived in Bath until his death at the age of 87.
Fact 8: Bath Abbey was built between 1499 and 1616 and was the last great medieval church raised in England. Built from more glass than stone, the church boasts 640 wall monuments, which the second largest collection after Westminster Abbey. The most striking feature of the Abbey’s exterior is the west façade, where angels climb up and down stone ladders commemorating a dream by the founder, Bishop Oliver King.
Fact 9: Despite the fact that Bath is a sprawling city, the center is compact and easy to navigate on foot. This is good news as Bath has a bad traffic problem and parking is a difficult task to undertake.
Fact 10: Much of the magnificent eighteenth century architecture remains exactly as Jane Austen once saw it. Her novels, “Persuasion” and “Northanger Abbey,” are associated with Bath, the city she frequented often during her youth.
Summary Timeline of some key events
Year Event Year Population 850BC Bladuds mythical Birth 1086 890 60 Romans arrive in Bath 1379 1025 400 Romans Leave 1660 1200 577 Saxons capture Bath at Battle of Dyrham 1699 3000 676 Osric founds Monastry at Bath 1750 9000 818 Arthur defeats Saxons at Battle of Badon 1799 34160 973 King Edgar crowned in Bath Abbey 1851 43023 1066 Normans invade England 1901 49839 1086 Domesday book reveals Bath as largest town in Somerset 1911 69173 1088 Bath is laid to waste 1931 68815 1643 John De Villula buys City 1951 79294 1702 "Beau" Richard Nash arrives in Bath 1971 84670 1727 Minervas Head is found 1981 80771 1754 Circus is complete 2000 approx 85000 1791 Site of Roman temple discovered 1881 Great Bath and sacred spring unearthed 1942 Bath is bombed during World War 2 1964 Major excavation of Roman complex starts Founded by the Romans as a thermal spa, Bath became an important centre of the wool industry in the Middle Ages. In the 18th century, under George III, it developed into an elegant town with neoclassical Palladian buildings, which blend harmoniously with the Roman baths.
In Roman times, the city of Bath was known as Aquae Sulis. The spa is named after Sulis, the local Celtic goddess of the hot springs.
The Romans went there to relax by the hot springs and to take advantage of their reputed healing powers. The Great Bath, which is still fed today by a Roman lead conduit, measures 80 ft. long by 40 ft. wide by 5 ft. deep and was decorated with intricate mosaic pavements. After the Roman withdrawal from England around 410, the city was sacked by the Saxons and did not revive for many years.
The medieval town of Bath was built around a Saxon monastery established here and its economy centered largely around the wool trade. Its great abbey church, which stands today, next to the old Roman baths, in the middle of the busy city center was begun in 1499.
Most of the buildings in the present day city of Bath are constructed from the same material, a luscious, honey-colored stone. It is said to be an inferior building material, but is extremely beautiful to the eye and has held up nicely for well over 200 years.
The showplace that we now see, with its squares, crescents and terraced town houses, was constructed largely during the renaissance that Bath enjoyed in the Georgian era. It was promoted as the ideal retreat from the rigors of London life, and the perfect place for fashionable people to go for the season to "take the waters."
Modern Bath is an important center for the arts and culture, with many museums, exhibitions, concerts and performances scheduled throughout the year. The highlight of the annual calendar of events is the International Festival at Bath beginning in May, a month long celebration of music, the arts and other fringe events.
Arthurian locale lovers should check out Little Solsbury Hill. Situated on a prominence northeast of town, high above the A4, the earthwork hillfort is one of the prime contenders for being the site of the Battle of Mt. Badon, King Arthur's decisive victory over the Saxon invaders, sometime around the year 500.
Bath owes its name, its history, indeed its very existence, to the hot mineral waters that rise at the King's Spring and two others nearby, never varying in temperature or quantity, producing 500,000 gallons of 120 degree Fahrenheit water per day (that's 6 gallons a second, 360 per minute, 21,000 per hour, and more than 182 million per year) since ... well, a very long time ago indeed.
Prehistoric Bath The Swineherd Prince: As one of the world's most beautiful and romantic cities, it is fitting that the story of the founding of Bath is a suitably romantic fairytale - which has the added cachet that it may even be true! It's the story of making a silk purse from a sow's ear, of making an exceedingly beautiful and beneficent spa from a steaming, noisome swamp. And it all started with the Swineherd-Prince: Bladud, son of Hudibras (and later on father of King Lear), was exiled from court with a disfiguring skin disease, and (as exiled princes do) became a swineherd. His pigs also contracted a skin complaint, and he noticed that when they wallowed in a foul hot muddy area their skin cleared. No fool, Bladud, quickly started to wallow too. His skin cleared, he returned to court, had numerous adventures that have nothing to do with Bath, and when he became king he built his capital at the site of the miraculous hot mud baths, calling it after himself (Bladud - Bad-Lud or Bath-Waters). It was also known as Caerbrent, or Caer Ennaint - the City of Ointment. Later Saxon names included Bathancaester ('the Baths') and Hat Batha ('Hot Baths'), but the Romans called it: Aquae Sulis.
We have little evidence of pre-Roman Bath, but give a Roman half a million gallons of hot mineral water a day, and you can be pretty sure he will build a bath. Roman love of a hot soak and their acknowledged engineering superiority were all that was needed to turn the 'steaming swamp' into a civilised and civilising city. Within 30 to 40 years after the Roman invasion in AD43 the springs were controlled and walled in, the mud hardened and beautiful Mediterranean style stone buildings rose out of the former morass, using the beautiful honey-coloured stone from the surrounding hills, and lead from the Mendip mines for pipes and the reservoir and the Great Bath. They made baths and temples and theatres and palaces and villas. It all lasted for some 400 prosperous years. Then, with the dissolution of the Empire and foreign invasions, it sank back into the mud, lying now some 10 to 15 feet below the present city, and in the fullness of time other cities were built over it. What has since been discovered is a source of wonder to archeologists and historians, and makes a trip to Bath even more exciting to the ordinary tourist, because the remains of the Roman Baths, dedicated to the goddess Sul Minerva, are unsurpassed in this country. A note on that Goddess: the early Christian church wasn't the first to assimilate pagan holidays and gods into their own religion - the Romans wisely amalgamated their Minerva with the local Briton goddess, Sul , and it is from Sul that Aquae Sulis took its name. Anglo-Saxon Bath Indifferent builders themselves, the Saxon invaders were impressed by the Roman ruins at Hat Batha, and concocted legends and epic poems round them, inferring that they were the work of giants long vanished from the earth.
There was an Anglo-Saxon nunnery founded near Bath around the mid 600s, which disappeared again, and then the monastery of St Peter was founded, possibly by the great Mercian King Offa around AD 755. It is also possible that St Dunstan, Abbot of Glastonbury, later archbishop of Canterbury, was the influence behind Bath Abbey becoming Benedictine. Certainly it was Dunstan who consecrated Edgar the very first king of all England at Bath on Whitsunday, AD 973, indicating that the Abbey Church in Bath was of great importance by that date. Two asides on that ceremony: there was at the time no set ritual for a coronation, and portions of Dunstan's ceremony are still part of the coronation to this day; and the citizens of Bath continued to hold a ceremony at Whitsun when they elected one of their number 'King of Bath' and it was this title which was awarded to Beau Nash in the 18th century.
Medieval Bath The Norman conquest only served to underline the importance of Bath, when William Rufus, son of the Conqueror, appointed his own chaplain and physician, John of Tours as Bishop of Bath. Under the Royal Charter of 1088 the Bishop proceeded to replace the Saxon abbey with a vast Norman cathedral, and to enlarge the city and restore the baths, building the King's (built around the original sacred spring), Cross and Hot, which were under the jurisdiction of the Bishop, where sick people from all England came for the healing waters. John of Tours also built two baths in the monastery, the Abbot's (public) and the Prior's (private). Pilgrims also sought out the Benedictine priory for comfort and healing in the monastic hospitals, and St John's, founded in 1180, still flourishes as a charitable institution. They said the old came to die and lived instead to astonishing ages. Small and unpretentious by later standards, Norman Bath was extremely important to its age, becoming one of the major wool and cloth centres of England. The elegant and sophisticated Roman resort and spa had become a city of weavers. The city prospered, and kings came to bathe in its waters and play at the gaming tables. But by the reign of Henry IV the city had sunk into dissipation and corruption, Bishops preferred to live at Wells, the Abbey was in ruins and the baths were reduced to stinking cisterns. Tudor and Jacobean Bath Something had to be done, and the founder of the Tudor dynasty, Henry VII, gave his support to Bishop Oliver King in his vision to pull down the remains of the Norman Abbey and build a new, smaller, abbey in the English Perpendicular style around 1500. This is the Abbey you can see today, sometimes called the 'Lantern of the West' with its vast clerestories and huge expanses of glass. Henry's granddaughter, Queen Elizabeth I visited the city in 1574, and censured the filth in the streets, but granted a charter that began a new era of civic progress. The waters were again of great medical importance, and the practice of natural bathing grew as distinguished persons were bribed to recommend the waters to invalids of their acquaintance. The five baths were open to the sky and exceedingly dirty, but in daily use, with the Cross Bath reserved for the gentry, where musicians played for them from a gallery, and visitors promenaded round the King's Bath to watch the bathers. During the 16th and 17th centuries Kings and Queens came to bathe in the waters, and Bath was again of first importance as a spa. The Civil War had little effect on Bath, and the Restoration saw the return of Royalty to take the waters, including Queen Catherine, wife of Charles II, who hoped the baths would help her conceive. They didn't, but they had the desired effect on the next Queen, Mary of Modena, who gave birth to the boy who would become the Old Pretender, an event so unexpected and upsetting to the hopes of a Protestant succession that the rumour was put about that the baby had been smuggled into the royal bed in a warming pan and wasn't a legitimate child at all. Never highly partisan in its politics, Bath was as happy to welcome the new King, William of Orange, called in from the low countries when the Jacobean line proved intransigently Catholic in its sympathies. Bath was a nationally important resort, capable of handling the seasonal influx of patients and tourists and the occasional Royal visit, but its population of 3000 within the medieval walls could not offer much in the way of entertainments, other than the baths themselves, and visitors were charged exorbitant rates for poor accommodation in overcrowded inns. There was no Pump Room, no Assembly Rooms, and only the occasional ball in the restricted space of the old Guildhall. But all this was to change at the start of the Georgian era. Georgian Bath In the 1700s, Bath became the rendezvous for Society, and by 1801 its population had increased 10-fold to some 34,000, making it the eighth largest city in England. There is very little left of medieval Bath, because it was torn down by the men whose vision resulted in the jewel-like 18th Century city we see today; a city of outstanding beauty on a human scale that inspired then, as now, a deep affection. The Romans with the vision and knowledge to turn a hot, stinking swamp into a beautiful and civilised resort are forever unknown to us. But we do know the men who took Bath and remade her in an image that in fact owes a lot to ancient Rome.
First and foremost was Richard 'Beau' Nash, who in his fifty years reign as King of Bath and Master of Ceremonies, turned the city into a centre of fashion, of gaming (which Nash made fashionable for women as well as men) and of manners - in time anybody who was anybody had to be seen in Bath, and the city attracted a veritable 'Who's Who' of 18th century society.
A dandy and a rake, who made his money gambling and by presents from women, Beau Nash might seem a strange civic leader, but he also spared no effort to sponsor a hospital of international repute even today for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, and many had cause to be grateful for his kindness. It's almost impossible to overstate his influence - among many other things, he was responsible for the pageant that greeted William of Orange, and persuaded the Corporation to build a new Pump Room. Perhaps more than anything else, Nash promoted a 'classless society' so successfully that during his 'reign' Royalty and mere gentlefolk mixed on equal footing. Nash was, according to Goldsmith, 'the first who diffused a desire for society and an easiness of address among a whole people' and this new openness spread out from Bath so that 'the whole kingdom became more refined by lessons originally learned from him.' So great was his influence that when Beau Nash died in 1761 the entire city mourned his passing.
And his influence on matters of taste and fashion can surely be seen in the movement toward what was both beautiful and useful in buildings, so that he, along with Ralph Allen and John Wood the Elder, promoted the fashion for Palladian building that came to characterise the Georgian city. The spirit of Wood, the architect, and the builders who followed him, created a city whose feeling of cohesion depends on a common material (Bath stone), a common idiom (Palladian style), a common scale and a 'neighbourliness' of building to building - a reflection in stone of the varied but cohesive society that Nash had made. The man whose patronage backed with both money and influence much of this building, and also provided the stone from his own quarries, was Ralph Allen, prototype of Squire Allworthy in Fielding's Tom Jones. Andreas Palladio, of course, was strongly influenced by the buildings of the Greeks and Romans, and so in a sense Bath came full circle, and its Georgian heyday mirrored in architecture, manners and morals the sophisticated, pleasure-loving and somewhat decadent Roman Bath of 1800 years previous.
Nineteenth Century Bath If the 18th was the century of the glitterati, the 19th was altogether less frenetic and superficial, more earnest, solid and dull. But it uncovered and exhibited the long-forgotten Roman Baths, renovated the Abbey, and still attracted painters and writers such as Cox, Turner and Sickert, Jane Austen, Walter Savage Landor and Thomas Carlyle. There was also the proliferation of charitable societies and education, of shops and residential housing for the middle and working classes, and Bath had to deal with the same problem the 20th century faced - how to reconcile the beauty and excellence of the past with the pressing needs of the present. As in the 20th century, a number of mistakes were made, and these resulted in the creation of the 'Old Bath Preservation Society' in 1909.
The railway and the canal system both touched Bath, of course, and it became more residential and industrial than previously, but generally Bath had a rough time financially through most of the 1800s. Therefore the temporary revival of spas, following the fashion on the continent, was of great economic importance. Gone were the days of merely wallowing in and drinking the waters, however. Now to get the benefit, one had to have it atomised or vaporised or sprayed or jetted, or injected into you or given along with electric shocks! There had to be Inhalation, Humage and Spray Rooms, Needle and Sitz Baths. The old baths were totally outmoded, besides being in 'a state of decay', so the Corporation roused itself and presented the city in 1889 with re-designed King's and Queen's Baths and a new suite in Bath Street, and with these came the fashion for grand hotels. It was while making these new baths that the Roman Baths were revealed, and these were given the Victorian's idea of a suitable Romanesque setting with a colonnade and statues.
Twentieth Century Bath Along with the excessive 'modernising' of the 50s and 60s, these years also saw the protection of special buildings, the perpetuation of a Georgian style and restriction of building materials to Bath stone for facings as part of an effort to preserve the special atmosphere of Bath. Spa water was bottled and sold as Sulis Water, promising relief from rheumatism, gout, lumbago, sciatica and neuritis and, following the founding of the National Health Service, water-cure treatments were available on prescription. The withdrawal of this service by the NHS in the 1970s and a health scare in 1978 marked the closure of the public baths. The last part of the century saw Bath become a World Heritage site and a major tourist attraction, at a time when interest in the acquisition of art and antiques and of shopping as a primary leisure activity was on the rise. Bath with its multitude of delightful shops selling everything from the finest antiques and works of art to the cheap and cheerful souvenir turned out to be uniquely suited to provide 'retail therapy' where once it provided 'hydrotherapy'. Back To The Future We started with the hot springs that have been the raison d'etre for the existence of Bath over the millennia, and it is fitting that we end this history with a resurrection of sorts. Bath now has a state of the art spa, with public bathing available for the first time since 1978. Incorporating a new roof-top pool from which you can view the cityscape, and the restoration of five important heritage buildings, including the sacred Cross Bath, this is a real spa, offering a full range of treatments. The project is designed to reconnect the City with it very reason for being - the natural thermal springs - and is intended to revitalise spa culture throughout the UK. It fits perfectly with the world-wide interest in alternative and holistic medicine and therapies and also with the unique history of Bath.
Named for the hot springs which percolate up into the heart of the city, Bath has attracted visitors to the curative waters since Roman times. The Avon River runs around the centre and has formed an important part of the landscape and old industry with its network of canals. Bath has been named a World Heritage Centre, and her history and culture are a magnet for tourists from all around the globe.
City Centre
Rarely can you find so much to see and do in such a small geographical area as in Bath Centre. World class museums, including the Roman Baths and the internationally renowned Museum of Costume, are so numerous that little gems such as the Book Binding Museum are easily overlooked. An important site of historical and cultural origins, the centre is home to Bath Abbey, site of 1600+ years of religious activity, and the Theatre Royal is home to pre-London tours and local productions alike. Music, literature and Shakespeare Festivals highlight the busy diary of activities, and pubs, clubs and various music and comedy venues (and buskers!) are plentiful. Around every corner you can find excellent dining options, and if you're bent on shopping, you can't go wrong; Bath has all the big names as well as a complete range of independent merchants, all within easy walking distance of one another. Both train and bus stations provide easy access to all the city has to offer.
City Suburbs
So you've arrived in the city unannounced and to your dismay every hotel in the city centre is full to bursting. Don't despair - there is still hope. The city suburbs are the perfect place to stay when visiting the city, offering all the peace of the countryside yet only minutes from the city centre on foot. The best place to start looking is Newbridge where every other establishment is a hotel. Take a flat walk from the city along the beautiful winding canal path and be thankful that you were foolish enough not to book ahead!Lansdown:
Privileged living and private houses are Lansdown trademarks. Beckford's Tower, Lansdown Horse Racing Course and spacious playing fields are prominent sites, as well as a Ministry of Defence property. The Kingswood School and Preparatory School, and the Royal High School are popular sites for the education of ministers-to-be and antique shops litter the streets. Lansdown Park-and-Ride offers easy access alternatives into the centre.Larkhall:
Old village life thrives here, a short walk from the centre. Everything you could need from delicatessen to hardware shop to the corner butcher is here, and the best part is, it's off the main road! The housing is a mixture of old and new and ranges across income levels, and a church-community run coffee shop is a local meeting place. Several pubs and the Rondo Theatre keep the night alive and takeaway food options abound.Oldfield Park and Bear Flat:
A diverse area of Bath and just a short walk from the centre, Oldfield Park has a wide range of housing, from terraced housing at the lower end of Oldfield Road up through semi-detached to the houses and private properties which figure prominently on the upper road. Moorland Road is the main shopping area in Oldfield Park and is bedecked with flowers during the summer. The Bear Pub, with the polar bear on the roof is an easy landmark among the Bear Flat shops, and the Real Meat Company offers an excellent selection of organic and humanely raised meat.Weston and Newbridge:
West of the city centre is an area of middle-income housing and suburban shops - check out Chelsea Road for hairdressers aplenty and the best bakery in Bath. Locksbrook Cemetery is an integral part of the landscape, as is Victoria Park, a huge, safe play area for hordes of energetic children. Pubs and eateries, including the award winning Dolphin Inn, and the Michelin-starred Lettonie can be found in this area. Also located here is the Royal United Hospital, one of the largest hospitals in the Avon region.Outside the City
Bath and North East Somerset (B&NES) county's main geographical feature is the river Avon which, with the Kennet and Avon canal, has formed a historically important base for industry as it curls through the hills on its way to the mouth of the Severn at Bristol. Bath is the centrepiece for visitors, though many opportunities in more rural settings lie waiting to be discovered. The county is also home to Newton St. Loe, a quaint old village with properties and lands owned and maintained by the Prince of Wales.
Bradford-on-Avon:
'A river runs through it,' this one-time home to wool, cloth, and rubber industries. Eight miles from Bath, Bradford-on-Avon's central landmark is the ancient bridge over the Avon. The Saxon town is bordered by the Kennet and Avon Canal and is packed with listed buildings, including a well-preserved Saxon church. Industrial works are still an important feature, as are large recreation grounds and several golf courses. Opportunities to visit small historical houses and sites are plentiful. The town is certainly worthy of further exploration.Corsham:
Located in the county of Wiltshire and about six miles northeast of Bath, Corsham is a historic market town with a quaint pedestrian shopping area including some speciality shops such as Elegance Bridal Wear. Housing is varied with some new developments. Pubs include the Northey Arms on the outskirts, and the Hare and Hounds in the centre; the Methuen Arms Hotel provides central accommodation. The town is bordered by Pickwick Lodge farm and a military training base. By all means stop to see historic Corsham Court, a Royal Manor in the days of Saxon Kings and surrounded by extensive landscapes cultivated by Capability Brown.Keynsham:
Bustling with small town energy, Keynsham is ideally positioned between Bristol and Bath. High street shops, health and garden centres serve local families and retirees. Off the high street are middle-income houses in a suburban setting; the lifestyle is relaxed. There are a number of hotels in the area suitable for those who want a quiet holiday, but for good night life, head to Bath or Bristol.Midsomer Norton:
A surprisingly large and lively town centre, Midsomer Norton boasts good shopping opportunities, including the Holly Court Arcade and other high street shops. A sports centre and the Mallards Pub are frequented by locals, while the Old Priory Hotel allows the visitor to experience luxury outside Bath. New housing and industrial units testify to development of the area, while old industry is represented by the Somerset and Dorset Railway Trackbed Trust. Norton Radstock: This old mining town between Bath and Wells has a large shopping district and lively centre. The Radstock Museum offers a glimpse into local history and industry. Whether you choose to stay within the city itself, or choose a base in a more rural location, you can be assured of a warm welcome and the kind of hospitality that has become a trademark of the West Country.
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